Haemophilus
influenzae type b (Hib) Disease Fact Sheet
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Version of this Fact Sheet
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
is a bacterium that causes serious infections
Before the advent of effective vaccines, Hib was the
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children
in the United States as well as in many other countries.
Since 1988, when the Hib vaccines were introduced, the
rate of invasive Hib disease has declined by 95% in infants
and young children.
When disease occurs, it usually is in children 2 months
to 5 years of age. Hib and types of Haemophilus influenzae
other than type b can cause disease in elderly persons
with underlying health conditions.
Hib causes meningitis and other serious infections
Hib enters the body through the nose or throat and then
can spread to cause meningitis (an infection of the coverings
of the brain and spinal cord). Pneumonia, ear, skin, joint,
and blood infections can also occur.
Hib is spread by droplets or by direct contact
Hib is carried in the nose and throat of children and
adults who may be healthy or have mild symptoms. It is
then spread to the next person through contact with discharges
or droplets from the nose or mouth.
Symptoms to look for:
- Meningitis
- Fever
- Stiff neck
- Drowsiness
- Extreme irritability
- Sudden vomiting
- Other Hib infections
- Fever
- Symptoms at site of infection (for example: skin
or joint that is red, tender, or swollen)
See a doctor immediately for treatment
Treatment with antibiotics should be started immediately
to stop the infection from causing brain damage or death.
Prevent infection with Hib vaccine
Hib vaccine is recommended for all children starting
at 2 months of age. Hib vaccine is recommended for all
children under 5 years of age who have not been previously
immunized, and is required if they attend child care/preschool
centers. Others may need Hib vaccine if they have risk
factors for Hib disease.
People in close contact with a Hib case may need
an antibiotic
All those who live in the same house with a child who
has Hib disease (except for pregnant women) may need a
drug called rifampin to prevent getting or spreading Hib,
including people who have been previously vaccinated.
Children and employees in child care settings who have
been exposed to a Hib case may also need rifampin. Check
with your doctor or your local health department for advice.
Hepatitis B
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